Introduction

• What is reproduction ?
  • process by which new individuals of a species are ?
  • the ? is passed from generation to generation allowing the continuation of the species

The Male Reproductive System

• The male reproductive system consists of the testes , scrotum , penis , and a series of ducts and accessory glands
• Testes ( testicles ) :
  • located within the ?
  • functions include :
    • produce ? ( stimulated by LH )
    • produce sperm ( stimulated by FSH and testosterone )
      • sperm production occurs within the ? of the testes
      • mature at the rate of about 300-400 million sperm per day
      • sperm can be produced and survive at a temperature about ? degrees below body temp
        • ( 98.6 - 3 = 95.6 )
        • therefore , the temperature of the scrotum has a major impact on sperm production
  • the temperature of the scrotum is controlled by the ? and ?
    • Cremaster Muscle :
      • continuation of the internal oblique muscle
      • changes the ?
    • Testicular Veins :
      • surround the testicular artery
      • ?
  • Sperm consists of a head , midpiece , and flagellum
    • Head :
      • contains the acrosome
        • composed of enzymes ( such as hyaluronidase ) that help the ?
        • also contains DNA
    • Midpiece :
      • contains lots of ? to power the flagellum
    • Flagellum :
      • ? the sperm
  • Sperm can survive about 48 hours within the female reproductive tract
  • Descent of the Testes :
    • testes develop in the ?
    • testes then descend into the scrotum during the seventh month of fetal development
    • failure of the testes to descend into the scrotum is called cryptorchildism
      • may increase risk of infertility and testicular cancer
      • can fix with surgery
• Penis :
  • composed of erectile tissue
    • corpus spongiosum :
      • singular
      • forms the glans ( covered by the prepuce ) and the bulb of the penis
      • surrounds the penile ( spongy ) urethra
    • corpus cavernosa :
      • cave , large spaces for blood to fill
      • forms the ?
        • anchors onto pelvic bone
  • engorgement of the erectile tissue with blood results in an erection
    • during sexual stimulation , the arteries supplying the penis ? and large quantities of blood enter the ? of the penis
    • this causes the veins of the penis to become constricted , and the blood cannot leave
    • in other words ...
      • erectile tissue + large quantities of blood + blood cannot leave = ?

• Ducts :

  • ducts of the male reproductive system include the epididymis , vas deferens , ejaculatory duct , and urethra
    • Epididymis :
      • site of ? ( takes about 12-16 days )
      • if uncoiled it can reach ? in length
    • Vas ( ductus ) Deferens :
      • muscular
      • about 18 inches long
      • during ejaculation the vas deferens propels sperm into the ?
      • can store sperm for several months , sperm that are not ejaculated are reabsorbed
        • vasectomy :
          • a medical procedure in which the ?
          • close to ? % effective
    • Ejaculatory Duct :
      • 2.5 cm long , formed by the union of a ? and the ? of a vas deferens
      • ejects sperm into the urethra
    • Urethra :
      • consists of three portions : prostatic urethra , membranous urethra , and penile ( spongy urethra )
      • carries both ? out of the penis

• Accessory Glands :

  • accessory glands of the male reproductive system include the seminal vesicles , prostate gland , and bulbourethral glands
    • Seminal Vesicles ( 2x ) :
      • posterior to the bladder
      • secrete an alkaline fluid ( 60% of semen ) which contains fructose and prostaglandins
        • alkaline portion helps ? of the female reproductive tract
        • fructose used to produce ?
        • prostaglandins cause contraction of the uterus and fallopian tubes
          • aids in sperm mobility
  • Prostate Gland :
    • ?
    • secretion ( 25% of semen ) helps with sperm mobility and viability
  • Bulbourethral ( Cowper's Glands ) :
    • located near the ?
    • contains between 50-150 million sperm per mL
    • if below 20 million sperm per mL , there is. chance of being infertile
      • reasons for the large number of sperm include :
        • very few actually make it to the egg
        • need more than one to help ?
          • need enzymes from acrosome

The Female Reproductive System

• The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries , uterine tubes , uterus , vagina , external genitalia , and mammary glands
  • Ovaries :
    • produce oocytes ( eggs )
      • oocytes are ?
      • each month , one follicle will fully develop
        • 1 total between the 2 ovaries
      • the oocyte contained in this follicle will undergo ?
  • Uterine ( fallopian ) Tubes :
    • also called ? , transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus
    • major structures of the uterine tubes include the infundibulum , fimbriae , ampulla , and isthmus
    • unlike sperm , oocytes do not have flagella to propel them
      • therefore , oocytes are "carried" through the uterine tubes by way of :
        • ? of the smooth muscle lining the uterine tubes
        • the ? of the epithelial lining of the uterine tubes
  • Uterus :
    • major structures of the uterus include the fundus , body , cervix , and endometrium
      • Fundus :
        • portion located above the entrance of the ?
      • Body :
        • central portion , majority of uterus
      • Cervix :
        • portion which opens into the vagina
      • Myometrium :
        • ? of the uterine wall ( composed of smooth muscle )
      • Endometrium :
        • ? of the uterus that is shed during menstruation
        • glucose is made here
  • Vagina :
    • passageway for ? , ? , and ?
    • very acidic , this helps reduce the growth of bacteria
      • however , it is ?
    • lined with stratified squamous epithelium
      • multilayered , flat
      • protection from friction